Fluorinated triethylenediamine as an oxygen transport agent

ABSTRACT

Fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds such as perfluorotriethylenediamine and the novel compounds undecafluorotriethylenediamine and decafluorotriethylenediamine, prepared by indirect fluorination of triethylenediamine by passing triethylenediamine over, e.g., cobalt trifluoride (CoF 3 ), are useful as a material capable of carrying oxygen in an aqueous emulsion for lifesaving a patient suffering from massive hemorrhage and for preserving internal organs in transplantation. The compounds undergo rapid biological elimination due to their low molecular weight.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel artificial blood compositions useful asinfusion fluids or perfusion fluids. More especially, this inventionrelates to the discovery that highly fluorinated triethylenediaminecompounds are useful as oxygen transport agents in artificial bloodcompositions. This invention also relates to emulsions containing thesecompounds. These compounds have excellent stability and rapid biologicalelimination. The present invention encompasses the preparation of thesehighly fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Natural whole blood is oftentimes in short supply. New methods forprolonged preservation of blood in the frozen state and improvements instorage in the liquid state have resulted in more efficient use ofavailable blood in some areas, but the world-wide need for blood fortransfusion still exceeds the supply. Since it is unlikely that therewill be any appreciable increase in supply, the need for blood fortransfusion must be satisfied in some manner other than natural blood orits derivatives. An artificial blood, available in unlimited quantitiesand free from infectious agents and antigens, would be an extremelyvaluable therapeutic agent.

A number of years ago, the oxygen-carrying capacity and lack of toxicityof perfluorinated liquids were reported. Emulsions of fluorocarbonliquids were used as artificial bloods. In brief, over nearly the last20 years, considerable work has been accomplished in connection with theuse of fluorocarbons and fluorocarbon emulsions as oxygen transferagents and as artificial bloods. It is inevitable that artificial bloodwill be commercialized and used throughout the world because of thesignificant need for such oxygen transport agents and the advantages ofsuch agents over natural blood.

The most prominent requirements of an artificial blood substitute areefficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, biological inertness,lower vapor pressure and dispersibility to form emulsions.

Several synthetic fluorocarbon compounds are known to be useful as bloodsubstitutes. Such compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,138(Clark, 1975), which describes emulsions that contain perfluorinatedcyclic hydrocarbons, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,110,474 and U.S Pat. No.4,187,252 (Lagow et al, 1978 and 1980), which describe emulsions thatcontain perfluorotetramethylpentane. U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,138 sets forththe various advantages and needs for artificial blood and may bereferred to as further background of this invention. Continuing work isbeing done to create and identify other compounds which are suitable asblood substitutes, perfusion media, breathable liquids, and for otherbiological and chemical purposes. Such compounds are likely to havesuperior qualities regarding one or more relevant characteristics, whichinclude: oxygen affinity and release, solubility or emulsifiability invarious media, low toxicity, high shelf life, appropriate stabilitywithin the body, low retention within vital organs of the body, and lowcost of manufacture.

Emulsions made from perfluorocyclo compounds have been found useful asblood substitutes because the cyclic fluorocarbon is transpired by thebody through the skin and the lungs. However, in order for theseemulsions to be preferred for biological use, they must be freshlyprepared because they are not stable. In the emulsion, the particlesmaking up the internal phase (dispersed phase) consist of globules offluoro compounds which are immiscible with the aqueous external phase(dispersion medium). The stability of the internal phase in thefluorochemical emulsion is important since the greater the stability,the longer the emulsion can be safely stored before it is used in vivo.In addition, if the emulsion is very stable, it can be stored withoutrefrigeration; this characteristic is critical for military purposes andin countries where there is little or no refrigeration. Furthermore, astable emulsion is more predictable from a medical standpoint comparedto an emulsion which tends to deteriorate with time. Normally, afteradministration to an animal, and thus exposure to body temperatures, theinternal phase of the emulsion may convert to larger globules. Muchremains to be learned about the factors working for and against theemulsion stability in the blood stream and tissues of mammals. While itseems reasonable to suppose that factors which would make for an invitro stability also make for in vivo stability, there are also specialconsiderations involved in promoting in vivo stability of foreignparticles such as perfluorochemical particles. All of the above pointsto the need for improvements in oxygen transport agents for artificialbloods.

The need for suitable oxygen transport agents is particularly acute atthe present time due to the widespread reporting and publicity onacquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The acquired immunedeficiency syndrome virus is also known as HTLV-III. There is no knowncure for acquired immune deficiency syndrome which destroys the body'sability to fight cancer and even minor infections. The implication ofnatural human blood transfusions as an important vector in thepropagation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome has magnified theneed for an alternative blood replacement fluid. The fact that anHTLV-III blood test has been developed to screen blood donated to bloodbanks has not decreased the need for the discovery of suitable oxygentransport agents.

Triethylenediamine (1,4-diazabicyclo-[2,2,2]-octane) is a compound whichwas first reported by Otto Hromatka "Uber das Triethylendiamin(Bicyclo-[2.2.2]-diaza-1.4-octan)" in Berichte der Deutchen ChemischenGesellschaft, 75:1303-1310 (1942) and Otto Hromatka and Eva Engel "Uberdas Triethylendiamin (Bicyclo [2.2.2]-1.4-diaza-octan), II. Mitteilung"in Berichte der Deutchen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 76:712-722 (1943) as areaction product of diethanolamine hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide.

As indicated in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 4,no. 4 (1959) pp. 334-335, triethylenediamine exhibits certain unusualproperties which are due to its bicyclic or "cage" structure. The mostoutstanding properties, such as high melting point and complexingability, arise from the molecular symmetry and the lack of sterichinderance for both tertiary nitrogen atoms. Triethylenediamine hasfound a special commercial application as a catalyst in polyurethanefoam manufacture. In this application, triethylenediamine's ability tocatalyze reactions between isocyanates and hydroxy compounds with greatrapidity and yet with a desired balance between rate of foaming andchain growth, is outstanding. Houdry Process Corporation, Linwood, Pa.,commercialized triethylenediamine under the name of DABCO® as a catalystfor the preparation of urethanes following U.S. Pat. No. 2,939,851. Itdetermined that the combination of low basicity with a high vaporizationand condensation coefficient which are common to symmetrical cagecompounds, promote quick curing of urethane foams which is essential tofast mold release. This cage structure may be beneficial in otherapplications.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,335,143, Erner described the fluorination oftriethylenediamine by electrolysis of a hydrogen fluoride solution oftriethylenediamine in perfluorohexane using a nickel Simon's cell toobtain perfluorotriethylenediamine. ##STR1##

As used herein, perfluorotriethylenediamine indicates that all of thereplaceable hydrogen atoms in triethylenediamine have been replaced byfluorine atoms. Perfluorotriethylenediamine is a solid with a meltingpoint above 120° C., which, like its parent triethylenediamine, sublimesrapidly upon heating. Perfluorinated triethylenediamine can also beprepared from triethylenediamine by direct fluorination using elementalfluorine as a minor constituent of an inert gas such as argon.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a major object of the present invention is to provide noveloxygen transport agents for use in artificial blood compositions.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a noveltherapeutical fluorocarbon emulsion preparation having oxygen-carryingability.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a process forpreparing novel oxygen transport agents for use in artificial bloodcompositions.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following description.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly, the present inventor has now found that certain highlyfluorinated triethylenediamine (1,4-diazabicyclo-2,2,2-octane) compoundsare useful as oxygen transport agents in artificial bloods and perfusionfluids. These compounds are preferably perfluorotriethylenediamine,undecafluorotriethylenediamine and decafluorotriethylenediamine and areprepared as emulsions. The emulsions have excellent stability andundergo rapid biological elimination due to their low molecular weight.

The present invention also relates to a novel method for the indirectfluorination of triethylenediamine using a fluoride compound selectedfrom cobalt trifluoride, manganese fluoride, silver fluoride andantimony fluoride. Advantageously, a substantial yet not complete numberof the hydrogens on the triethylenediamine compound are replaced withfluorine atoms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The highly fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds of the presentinvention include perfluorinated triethylenediamine,undecafluorotriethylenediamine and decafluorotriethylenediamine. Otherhighly fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds may also be useful insmall amounts in the preparation of the blood substitute emulsions ofthe present invention. However, it is generally believed that the lesserthe degree of fluorination of the hydrocarbons, the greater the chanceof toxicity.

The preferred compound as an oxygen transport agent is the novelcompound undecatrifuloroethylenediamine ##STR2## There is only oned,l-optical isomer of undecafluorotriethylenediamine since all of thecarbon atoms are equivalent due to symmetry.

The other novel compound of the present invention isdecafluorotriethylenedaimine which may appear as one of seven differentisomers. The ethylenediamine bicyclic ring structure is generallynumbered as follows: ##STR3## The seven possible positional isomers fordecafluorotriethylenediamine include 2,2-(gem), 2,3-(cis and trans),2,5-(cis and trans) and 2,6-(cis and trans). No particular positionalisomer is preferred within this group.

Any of the above-described fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds maybe useful as oxygen transport agents in the artificial bloodcompositions of the present invention. If perfluorotriethylenediaminealone is used in the aqueous artificial blood composition, a colloidaldispersion would likely result. Preferably,undecafluorotriethylenediamine either alone or in combination withperfluorotriethylenediamine and/or decafluorotriethylenediamine is used.Both undecafluorotriethylenediamine and decafluorotriethylenediamine areliquids at ambient temperature. If perfluorotriethylenediamine ispresent along with undecafluorotriethylenediamine and/ordecafluorotriethylenediamine, the perfluorotriethylenediamine is usuallysoluble in the less fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds, thusmaking the entire fluorinated triethylenediamine mixture a liquid.

An oxygen transport agent for purposes of the present inventiondescribes a compound which is able to dissolve oxygen and carbon dioxideand thus assist in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughthe vascular system of an organism. Oxygen transport agents are usefulas perfusion media for body organs as well. Thus, their utility is notlimited to replacing blood loss in an organism. An effective oxygentransporting amount of an oxygen transport agent is thus an amount oftransport agent capable of transporting oxygen. The present inventionclaims an artificial blood comprising a physiologically acceptable,stable, essentially homogeneous formulation of an effective oxygentransporting amount of highly fluorinated triethylenediamine dispersedin water, said highly fluorinated triethylenediamine comprisingperfluorotriethylenediamine, undecafluorotriethylenediamine,decafluorotriethylenediamine, or any combination thereof. The artificialblood may be emulsified in water and may include the use of anemulsifying agent. The present application also claims a method forreplacing blood loss in a mammal, said method comprising administering aphysiologically acceptable, stable, essentially homogeneous formulationof an effective amount of an oxygen transporting amount of highlyfluorinated triethylenediamine emulsified in water, said highlyfluorinated triethylenediamine comprising perfluorotriethylenediamine,undecafluorotriethylenediamine, decafluorotriethylenediamine or anycombination thereof. The homogeneous formulation may be emulsified usinga copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide.

The fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds of the present inventioncan dissolve large amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The gas, i.e.,oxygen or carbon dioxide, is chemadsorbed onto the fluorinatedtriethylenediamine compound. Van der Waal forces maintain the gas andfluorinated compound in close association.

Fluorocarbons are usually immiscible with blood. If directly injectedinto the body, fluorocarbons will generally coalesce into globules whichcould clog blood vessels. To prevent this, fluorocarbons used inartificial blood are normally mixed with water to form an emulsion. Theliquid fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds when placed in anaqueous system form an emulsion. The emulsion is preferably compatiblewith the density of blood. As used herein, an emulsion comprises amixture of two immiscible liquids which also contains an emulsifyingagent.

The particles making up the internal phase (dispersed phase) of theemulsion consist of globules of fluorinated triethylenediamine which areimmiscible with the aqueous, external phase (dispersion medium).

The fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds can form, for example, anaqueous emulsion containing about 5 to about 75% (W/V), preferably about10 to about 40% (W/V), of the fluorinated triethylenediamine compoundsto be used as oxygen barriers or oxygen transport agents in artificialblood or in infusion fluid. The concentration of fluorinatedtriethylenediamine compound may depart slightly from these limits.However, emulsions containing substantially greater than 75% (W/V)fluorinated triethylenediamine would be too viscous and too dense to beuseful in artificial blood. The viscosity of the fluorinatedtriethylenediamine emulsion is preferably close to the viscosity ofhuman blood. Emulsions containing substantially less than 15% (W/V),would be so dilute that too much emulsion would be required to providegood oxygen transport.

The symbol "% (W/V)" referred to herein indicates the amount of thefluorinated triethylenediamine by weight (gram) based on 100 milliliterof the resulting emulsion.

On preparing the emulsion an emulsifying agent is used. In general, anemulsifying agent is a compound which prevents droplets or globules inan emulsion from coalescing into larger droplets or globules. Usually, apolymeric nonionic surfactant, a phospholipid and the like are employedeach alone or in combination as an emulsifying agent. Possibleemulsifying agents include, for example, a fatty acid having 8-22 carbonatoms, particularly 14-20 carbon atoms, or a physiologically acceptablesalt thereof (e.g. alkali metal salts such as sodium salt, potassiumsalt, etc., monoglycerides thereof). Examples of the above fatty acidinclude caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmiticacid, stearic acid, behenic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleicacid, arachidonic acid, sodium or potassium salts thereof, theirglycerides, etc. Other emulsifying agents include dextran, albumins,fluorinated amine oxides, nonylphenol polyethylene glycols orfluorinated alcohols.

The polymeric nonionic surfactant used herein may be that having amolecular weight of 2,000-20,000, and examples thereof includepolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, polyoxyethylene fatty acidesters, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, etc. Examples ofphospholipids include vitelline phospholipid, soybean phospholipid, etc.

The preferred emulsifying agent is Pluronic® F-68, a high molecularweight polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene copolymer. This is the emulsifierused in Fluosol®-DA, a composition prepared according to U.S. Pat. No.4,252,827, which is a product of Green Cross Corporation of Japan.Investigators have found that Pluronic® F-68 inhibits blood coagulationand aggregation of platelets.

An artificial blood substitute must provide proper osmotic and oncoticpressures and reasonable pH control, as well as oxygen and carbondioxide transport. Thus, as the medium for the emulsion, aphysiologically acceptable aqueous solution is generally employed.Oftentimes, physiological saline and lactic acid added Ringer'ssolutions are used. The typical salts found in physiological saltsolutions include potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodiumchloride, calcium chloride and the like. The pH is preferably within therange of normal physiological pH, more preferably within the range ofabout 7.2 to about 7.4.

If necessary, there may be further added an isotonizing amount of anisotonizing agent such as glycerol to isotonize the emulsion and aplasma expander such as hydroxyethylstarch, dextran, etc. to regulatethe colloid osmotic pressure of the emulsion.

The aqueous dispersions of the present invention are prepared by anymixing technique which will provide a uniform blend of the ingredients.The components may be mixed in any order. The emulsion can be preparedby mixing the above-mentioned ingredients and homogenizing the mixtureby means of, for example, a high-pressure jet type homogenizer until theparticle diameters fall within the desired particle size range. Asuggested particle size range is within about 10 0.005 to about 0.5 μm,preferably about 0.5 to about 0.3 μm. Emulsions with controllabledroplet or particle sizes can also be created by conventional high-shearemulsifiers, e.g., the Manton-Gaulin homogenizer.

One preparative mixing technique involves mixing the emulsifier withwater under suitable agitation followed by introduction of thefluorinated triethylenediamine. Since the fluorinated triethylenediamineis extremely hydrophobic, high energy mixing is generally employed, suchas homogenization or sonic energy. One such device is the Sonicator®,model 350, available from Heat-Systems Ultrasonics Inc. This device hasa maximum power output of 350 watts controllable on settings of 1-10.Because the dispersion will rapidly heat up during blending in theSonicator, it is preferred to blend over several mixing cycles separatedby cooling periods.

When the fluorinated triethylenediamine emulsion preparation of thepresent invention is employed, as a transfusion for oxygen transport, itis generally administered by intravenous injection, and the dosage for ahuman adult is generally about 50 to 3,000 milliliters per dose.

Other fluorocarbons in addition to fluorinated triethylenediaminecompounds may be present as additional oxygen transport agents in theartificial blood emulsion. However, not all fluorocarbons are useful inartificial blood preparations. Fluorocarbons sometimes tend toaccumulate in body tissues, notably the liver and spleen. Somefluorocarbons are emulsified only with difficulty. Perfluorodecalin hasbeen found to be the best perfluorocarbon in terms of speed ofelimination from the liver and spleen. Perfluorotripropylamine is moreeasily emulsified than perfluorodecalin but has a considerably slowerrate of elimination from the liver and spleen. Other perfluoro compoundswhich have been used are perfluoromethyldecalin, perfluorotributylamine,perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorinated bis-neopentyl ether,perfluorinated bis-isopropyl ether, perfluorinated bis-isobutyl ether,perfluorinated bisisopentyl ether, perfluorinated bis-tertiarybutylether and the like.

Perfluorocyclocarbons may also be present in the emulsions of thepresent invention. The term "perfluorocyclocarbon" means a cycliccompound of carbon, whereas the term "substituted derivatives thereof"characterizes substituted perfluorocyclocarbons with acyclic or alkylside chains, preferably lower alkyl side chains. It should also be notedthat the term "perfluorocyclocarbon" denotes substitution of allhydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom chain or ring and any carbonside groups with fluorine. It is conceivable in the manufacture of suchcompounds that minor amounts of substantially fluorinated derivativesmay be mixed with completely fluorinated compounds. This is permissibleproviding the lack of complete replacement of all hydrogens does notaffect the essential characteristics of the liquid perfluorocarbons ofthis invention, particularly when the active hydrogens criticallyenhance the toxicity of the compounds when they are employed in oxygentransport agents in animals. Among the perfluorocyclocarbons which maybe employed are perfluorobicyclo[4.3.0]nonane,perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane,perfluoroendotetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, perfluoroadamantane,perfluoroexotetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, perfluorobicyclo[5.3.0]decane,perfluorotetramethylcyclohexane,perfluoro-1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane, perfluoro-n-butylcyclohexane,perfluorodimethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, perfluoro-1-methyl adamantane,perfluoro-1-methyl-4-t-butylcyclohexane, perfluorodecahydroacenaphthene,perfluorotrimethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, perfluoro-n-undecane,perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene,perfluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyladamantane, perfluorododecahydrofluorene,perfluoro-1,3-dimethyl adamantane, perfluoro-n-octylcyclohexane,perfluoro-7-methyl bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane,perfluoro-p-diisopropylcyclohexane, perfluoro-m-diisopropylcyclohexane,perfluoroazabicyclodecane, and perfluorooctahydroquinolizine.

The ability of the emulsions of the present invention to maintain lowparticle size over long periods of time at room temperature indicatesexceptional stability, making them valuable as blood substitutes andtherapeutic agents. The improved emulsion stability is likely due to thehigh nitrogen content of the fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds.This allows long shelf-life stability at ambient temperature. There isno need to refrigerate the emulsion of the present invention.

The fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds of the present inventionare also particularly advantageous due to their rapid biologicalelimination. It is believed that the half-life of these compounds isabout seven days. The short half-life is probably due to the lowmolecular weight of these compounds as well as the cage structure of thetriethylenediamine. The rapid rate of vaporization and condensationassist in the rapid elimination of the fluorinated triethylenediaminecompounds from the body by allowing the compounds to easily pass throughthe lungs of a mammal. The low vaporization temperature of thefluorinated triethylenediamine compounds are also advantageous becausethis acts to prevent the formation of emboli.

The highly fluorinated triethylenediamine compounds of the presentinvention can be prepared by the indirect fluorination oftriethylenediamine by passing the triethylenediamine over a fluoridecompound selected from the group consisting of cobalt trifluoride,manganese fluoride, silver fluoride, and antimony fluoride. Cobalttrifluoride is preferred. A sufficient amount of fluoride compound isused to obtain the desired distribution of fluorinatedtriethylenediamine product depending on the reaction conditionsselected. The amount of fluoride compound used is generally in the rangeof about 20 to about 40 equivalents of fluoride compound per equivalentof triethylenediamine.

Generally, the triethylenediamine is mixed with an inert gas and thenmoisture is removed. The triethylenediamine inert gas mixture is thenpassed over or contacted with one of the fluoride compounds describedabove. The reaction temperature is generally within the range of about80° C. to about 350° C., preferably 100° C. to 300° C. The reactionpressure is generally atmospheric pressure, however, pressures rangingfrom 18 mm Hg to about 300 psig are suitable in the practice of thepresent invention. Reaction time varies and depends on reactants andconditions selected. Generally, a reaction time of about five minutes tofour hours is suitable depending on the rate of flow of thetriethylenediamine over the fluorinated compound.

The process of the present invention is particularly advantageous sinceit does not fully fluorinate the triethylenediamine as do the prior artprocesses. In particular, Barbour et al "The Fluorination ofHydrocarbons with Cobalt Trifluoride," J. Appl. Chem. 2 (1952) pages127-133 teaches the complete fluorination of hydrocarbons using cobalttrifluoride. Only Applicant's novel process produces not onlyperfluorotriethylenediamine but also substantial amounts ofundecafluorotriethylenediamine and decafluorotriethylenediamine. Thisentire reaction product is particularly useful in the artificial bloodsubstitute of the present invention.

In order to further illustrate the present invention and the advantagesthereof, the following specific examples are given, it being understoodthat same are intended only as illustrative and in nowise limitative.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine

A vaporized mixture of five (5) grams of triethylenediamine in highpurity argon gas was passed over Linde molecular sieves to removemoisture. The vaporized mixture of triethylenediamine was passed througha 8 inch by 10 feet coil of copper tubing which was packed with amixture of 8 inch copper helices (90% void space) and powdered cobalttrifluoride (CoF₃) which was placed in a 4-liter beaker and surroundedby a solution of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol as a heat exchangemedium and placed on a heated magnetic stirrer.

The initial reactor bath temperature was 149° C. but was graduallyraised to 157° C. The reactor bath temperature was then raised to 193°C. over two hours and finally to 200° C. over 15 minutes.

The effluent argon gas containing fluorinated triethylenediamine andhydrogen fluoride was passed into a second 8 inch×10 feet copper tubingcoil immersed in ethylene glycopropylene glycol dry ice mixture.

The second copper coil trap was then permitted to warm to roomtemperature over twenty-four hours, while separating hydrogen fluoridethrough an efficient copper reflux condenser. The trap productsconsisted of a mobile colorless liquid with a slight yellowish tint.

A sample of the trap products was passed through a gas chromatograph foranalysis. A major peak (68%) having a parent peak in a mass spectrometerof 328, a secondary peak (24%) having a parent peak of 310, and a seriesof smaller peaks having parent masses of 292 were found.

The mass of 328 corresponds to perfluorotriethylenediamine, the mass of310 corresponds to undecafluorotriethylenediamine and the peaks of mass292 correspond to decafluorotriethylenediamine.

A fraction of the trap products was used to determine molecular weightby boiling point elevation of perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane (b.p.₇₆₀101°-2° C.). A corrected value for barometric pressure gave a molecularweight of 321.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion

Approximately 2 cc of the trap contents from Example 1 dissolved in 10cc of perfluorodecalin and 5 grams of Pluronic -F68 emulsifier wereadded. Deionized water through a Millipore nylon 66 filter of 2 micronswas added and the total volume was brought to 50 milliliters. Themixture in a calibrated water-cooled glass container, was subjected toemulsification with a VC 400, 500 watts, 28 kHz Vibra-Cell ultrasonicemulsifier (Sonics and Materials, Inc., Danbury, Conn.) intermittentlyuntil a stable nearly clear emulsion was obtained. The emulsifiedfluorinated triethylenediamine was chromatographed over ion exchangecolumns of sulfonated polystyrene to remove basic amine contaminants andIRA-400 Amberlite (--OH⁻) to remove hydrogen fluoride formed byemulsification.

A twenty cc sample of the purified fluorinatedtriethylenediamine/perfluorodecalin emulsion was compared at intervalsof one week and two weeks with a control emulsion of perfluorodecalin.The fluorinated triethylenediamine/perfluorodecalin showed improvedstability, that is, it was likely for the dispersed phase globules toincrease in size.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine

Using a stirred metal reactor as described by Barbour et al in "TheFluorination of Hydrocarbons With Cobalt Trifluoride", J. Appl. Chem., 2(1952) pages 127-133, 200 grams of triethylenediamine in a solution ofperfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane were passed through the heatedagitated reactor through programmed zones of temperature from 120° C. to290° C. The product was collected in copper dry ice traps. After removalof hydrogen fluoride and fractional distillation through a 15theoretical plate column at reduced pressure, a fraction higher boilingthan the perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane was obtained. This fractionwas a liquid of a slight yellow tint. Samples vaporized readily whenmolecular sieve dried nitrogen was sparged through them.

Molecular weight determination by boiling point elevation ofperfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane gave a barometrically corrected valueof 319.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion

To 10 milliliters of the fraction of the fluorination product oftriethylenediamine of Example 3 were added 5 grams of Pluronic® F-68emulsifier, and the total volume increased to 50 milliliters withdeionized-micro filtered water. This material was ultrasonified with aVC 250, 250 watt, 20 kHz variable power output Vibra-Cell unit (Sonicsand Materials, Inc.) until a stable nearly clear emulsion resulted. Theemulsion was maintained at 10°-15° C. by efficient ice cooling to avoidloss of the fluorinated triethylenediamine.

30 milliliters of the emulsion was agitated in a glass tube containing anitrogen sparge inlet. Weight loss of the emulsion at 25° C. over threehours was 0.23 gram/hour. By comparison a comparable control emulsion ofperfluorotributylamine had a weight loss of 0.04 gram/hour.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion

An emulsion was produced as in Example 4 using 2 milliliters offluorinated triethylenediamine and 8 milliliters of perfluorodecalin.

This emulsion was quite stable but inferior to that of Example 2.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion

An emulsion was produced as in Example 4 using 2 milliliters offluorinated triethylenediamine, 4 milliliters of perfluorotributylamineand 4 milliliters of perfluorodecalin.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion

An emulsion was produced as in Example 4, and placed in a 125 milliliteragitated spherical flash in a closed system with access through a 9milliliter glass tube to a calibrated burrette containing oxygen gas atatmospheric pressure. After 45 minutes equilibration, absorbed oxygenfrom the burrette was measured. Results were compared to those obtainedwith a comparable emulsion of perfluorotributylamine. The fluorinatedtriethylenediamine emulsion, in duplicate tests had an average of 93% ofthe oxygen absorbing capacity of the perfluorotributylamine emulsion.

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Fluorinated Triethylenediamine Emulsion withPhysiological Salt Solution

An emulsion of 10 milliliters of a fraction of the fluorination productof triethylenediamine obtained in Example 4 was prepared and brought toa volume of 50 milliliters. The emulsion was passed over ion exchangebeds to remove any basic amines and hydrogen fluoride formed duringultrasonification.

To this emulsion was added with stirring on a magnetic stirrer, 1.5grams hydroxyethyl starch, 0.05 grams glucose, 16 milligrams potassiumchloride, 3.5 milligrams magnesium chloride, 4.8 milligrams monosodiumphosphate, 27 milligrams sodium chloride, 9 milligrams calcium chloride,and the pH was adjusted to 7.45 with sodium carbonate. Stirring wascontinued for 30 minutes after the additives dissolved. The finalemulsion was again filtered through a Millipore filter (0.2 micron).

While this invention has been described in terms of various preferredembodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate that variousmodifications, substitutions, omissions, and changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that thescope of the present invention be limited solely by the scope of thefollowing claims.

I claim:
 1. An artificial blood comprising a physiologically acceptable,stable, essentially homogeneous formulation of an effectiveoxygen-transporting amount of highly fluorinated triethylenediaminedispersed in water, said highly fluorinated triethylenediaminecomprising perfluorotriethylenediamine, undecafluorotriethylenediamineor decafluorotriethylenediamine, or any combination thereof.
 2. Anartificial blood as defined by claim 1, wherein said highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine is emulsified in water.
 3. An artificial blood asdefined by claim 2, further comprising an emulsifying agent.
 4. Anartificial blood as defined by claim 3, wherein said highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine comprises perfluorotriethylenediamine.
 5. Anartificial blood as defined by claim 3, wherein said highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine comprises undecafluorotriethylenediamine.
 6. Anartificial blood as defined by claim 3, wherein said highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine comprises decafluorotriethylenediamine.
 7. Anartificial blood as defined by claim 3, wherein said emulsifying agentis a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide.
 8. An artificialblood as defined by claim 3, wherein said formulation is isotonic.
 9. Amethod for replacing blood loss in a mammal, said method comprisingintravenously administering a physiologically acceptable, stable,essentially homogeneous formulation of an effective oxygen transportingamount of highly fluorinated triethylenediamine emulsified in water,said highly fluorinated triethylenediamine comprisingperfluorotriethylenediamine, undecafluorotriethylenediamine,decafluorotriethylenediamine or any combination thereof.
 10. A methodfor replacing blood loss in a mammal as defined by claim 9, wherein saidhomogeneous formulation is emulsified with a copolymer of propyleneoxide and ethylene oxide.
 11. An artificial blood as defined by claim 1,wherein said highly fluorinated triethylenediamine comprises about 5 toabout 75% (W/V) of the artificial blood.
 12. An artificial blood asdefined by claim 11, wherein said highly fluorinated triethylenediaminecomprises about 10 to about 40% (W/V) of the artificial blood.
 13. Astable, essentially homogeneous dispersion comprising an effectiveoxygen transporting amount of highly fluorinated triethylenediamine inwater, said highly fluorinated triethylenediamine comprisingperfluorotriethylenediamine, undecafluorotriethylenediamine ordecafluorotriethylenediamine, or any combination thereof.
 14. A stable,essentially homegeneous dispersion as defined by claim 13, wherein saidhighly fluorinated triethylenediamine comprisesperfluorotriethylenediamine.
 15. A stable, essentially homogeneousemulsion comprising an effective oxygen transporting amount of highlyfluorinated triethylenediamine in water, said highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine comprising perfluorotriethylenediamineundecafluorotriethylenediamine, decafluorotriethylenediamine or anycombination thereof.
 16. A stable, essentially homogeneous emulsion asdefined by claim 15, wherein said highly fluorinated triethylenediaminecomprises perfluorotriethylenediamine.
 17. A stable emulsion in aphysiologically acceptable aqueous medium of highly fluorinatedtriethylenediamine having a particle size of about 0.005 to about 0.5 μmwhich comprises about 5 to about 75% (W/V) of the emulsion and aneffective surfactant amount of a polymeric nonionic surfactant which isa copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide having a molecularweight of 2,000 to 20,000, said highly fluorinated triethylenediaminecomprising perfluorotriethylenediamine, undecafluorotriethylenediamine,decafluorotriethylenediamine or any combination thereof.